+32 (0)10 48 72 70 info@stariongroup.eu

These are the sources referenced in articles in the September 2025 issue of OpenSpace magazine. All links were correct at the time of going to press.

Civil Security from Space

  1. The Global Risk Report 2025 – World Economic Forum

The Evolution of the Spanish Space Sector

  1. Spain in Space – ESA Report
  2. esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/01/ESA_budget_2025
  3. aee.gob.es/Actividades/ESA.html
  4. esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/ESA_renews_focus_on_Canary_Islands_for_laser_operations
  5. connectivity.esa.int/projects/caramuel
  6. aee.gob.es/Destacados/ARRAKIHS.html
  7. esa.int/Space_in_Member_States/Spain/La_ESA_e_Hisdesat_lanzan_un_satelite_de_comunicaciones_seguras_de_ultima_generacion
  8. tedae.org/notas-de-prensa/las-industrias-de-defensa-seguridad-aeronautica-y-espacio-facturan-13-900-millones-de-euros-en-2023-y-recuperan-los-niveles-prepandemia/
  9. esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Smile
  10. ESA Space Debris User Portal

The Strategic Role of Cybersecurity in Modern Defence

  1. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_133280.htm
  2. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_171584.htm
  3. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_133177.htm
  4. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm
  5. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_236520.htm
  6. consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/cyber-defence/
  7. consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions-against-cyber-attacks/
  8. consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/06/06/eu-adopts-blueprint-to-better-manage-european-cyber-crises-and-incidents/
  9. eeas.europa.eu/eeas/white-paper-for-european-defence-readiness-2030_en
  10. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_234941.htm

Strengthening Cyber Defence Through Exercise

  1. cyberconflicts.cyberpeaceinstitute.org/law-and-policy/cases/viasat
  2. csis.org/programs/strategic-technologies-program/significant-cyber-incidents
  3. defesa.gov.pt/pt/pdefesa/ciberdefesa/exercicios/ciberperseu
  4. nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_78170.htm

When the Space Weather Threat Becomes Reality

  1. ncei.noaa.gov/news/great-halloween-solar-storm-2003
  2. Flying Through Uncertainty; TE Berger et al.; 3 January 2020
  3. lunduniversity.lu.se/lup/publication/311c9806-0ed7-4773-a383-f8660555b664
  4. repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/19648/noaa_19648_DS1.pdf
  5. lloyds.com/about-lloyds/media-centre/press-releases/extreme-space-weather-scenario
  6. planet4589.org/space/stats/oactive.html
  7. Unveiling the Space Weather During the Starlink Satellites Destruction Event on 4 February 2022; Ton Dang et al.; 6 August 2022
  8. web.archive.org/web/20111020092342/http:/orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/newsletter/pdfs/ODQNv15i3.pdf
  9. Report on Severe Space Weather Impacts on UK Critical National Infrastructure: https://epubs.stfc.ac.uk/work/61075921
  10. Geospace response to May 2024 X-class flare and coronal mass ejection; J Omojola et al.; April 2025
  11. ospo.noaa.gov/
  12. reuters.com/technology/space/starlink-experiencing-degraded-service-musk-says-satellites-under-pressure-2024-05-11/
  13. events.spacepole.be/event/222/contributions/3398/
  14. scientificamerican.com/article/the-strongest-solar-storm-in-20-years-did-little-damage-but-worse-space/
  15. deere.com/en/stories/featured/solar-storm/
  16. science.nasa.gov/science-research/heliophysics/what-nasa-is-learning-from-the-biggest-geomagnetic-storm-in-20-years/
  17. space-env.esa.int/solar-storms-of-may-2024/
  18. transpower.co.nz/system-operator/notices-and-reporting/formal-notices

Enhancing EU Security Through the Cyber Resilience Act

  1. EU CRA Factsheet: digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/cyber-resilience-act-factsheet
  2. EU CRA, Article 3, paragraph 2
  3. EU Space Act: defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-space-act_en
  4. certification.enisa.europa.eu/index_en
  5. enisa.europa.eu/topics/risk-management

The Unsung Heroes of Space Missions

  1. ESA Science Programme Missions: Contributions and Exploitation; 2025; open access publication at: link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-69004-4